Natural Law Theory And Legal Positivism †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Natural Law Theory And Legal Positivism. Answer: Introduction The true nature of natural law theory is often misunderstood while providing that natural law theories are not consistent with the theories of legal positivism. It has always been provided that the concept provided by natural law theories is totally different from that of the theories of legal positivism. There have been various studies conducted in order to prove that legal positivism is totally different from natural law theory. Natural law theories emphasizes on justice equality and morality where is legal positivism focuses on making law according to the needs of the society. Natural law theory has the primary function of securing justice. It provides that laws which are not just cannot be regarded as laws at all. Legal positivism on the other hand as the function of providing common good for the community. Therefore prima facie observation of a person who is a believer of natural law theory would be that a positive law theory which is not in accordance to the theories of divine law or natural law cannot be regarded as a law at all. The people only have a moral obligation of obeying principles which are not consistent to natural law and there is no legal obligation imposed on the people to obey them[1]. The purpose of this paper is to analyze various studies on both natural law theory and legal positivism in order to showcase that natural law theories are not totally inconsistent with positive law theories as it is generally depicted. The paper also analyses the gap in various studies to point out issues if any with such studies have ignored in relation to both natural law and positive law theory. Natural law theory Natural Law is a wide-ranging and frequently misappropriated concept incorporated round numerous schools of science, philosophy, history, law and theology. Truly, Immanuel Kant repeated to us,'What is law?' may be said to be about as embarrassing to the jurist as the well-know question What is Truth? is to the logician[2]. As per d'Entreves and Passerin natural law is a theory of moral with respect to jurisprudence which provides that low has to be based on ethics and morality[3]. It states that law is made of and based on what is ethically and morally correct. Human can discover natural law through the use of reasons and choosing between the good and the evil. Thus the power of natural law is derived from finding out specific universal principles in ethics and morality. The distinction between nature and law, convention and customs had been emphasized on by Aristotle, Socrates and Plato. What is provided through law is diverse with respect to the place, however what is provided through nature has to be consistent everywhere. Many consider Aristotle as the father of natural law. Aristotle provided the argument in the book Rhetoric that separate from specific laws which each jurisdiction has made up for themselves there is a higher law or common law which exists in accordance to the nature. Here he was talking about Natural law. According toAtkins the theory of natural law is interpreted as the theory which provides that specific ethical and moral laws always transcend time, government and culture[4]. The universal stands are applicable on mankind during all the time of their existence. The specific ethical and moral standards are discoverable by and inherent in all of mankind and are the fundamental of a just and equal society[5]. As stated by Kugler, Peter and Michael the concept of natural law is ambiguous. It points out to a form of ethical and morally correct theory along with a legal theory[6]. However the fundamentals of both the types of theory are independent of each other logically. Natural law does not point out towards the law of nature all the laws which science objects to define. As per the moral theory of natural law the ethical standards which guide human behavior are to some extent derived objectively from human nature itself along with the true nature of the world. Even when the theories are logically independent of each other they intersect. As per the legal theory of natural law the power of legal provisions mandatorily extracts to the least in part from consideration in relation to moral merit of such principles. There are various kinds of legal theory in relation to natural law which are different from each other in relation to the role which morality place in finding out the authority of the legal provision. According to Wright and Fletcher a collection of mandatory and necessary situation for presence of law which distinguishes law from unlawful provision in every world possible exist[7]. The natural law classical theories such as a Theory provided by Thomas Aquinas emphasizes on the overlapping between legal theories and natural law moral theory. Another development of the natural law classical theory is the theory of new natural ISM as provided by John Finnis. To the contrary the theory of procedural natural ISM as provided by l fuller rejects the conceptual naturalist idea which states that there are mandatory substantive model restrictions on the content of law. Lastly the theory provided by Ronald Dworking is a critique and response of the theories relating to legal positivism. All these theories Aryan relation to one or more fundamental tenants of natural law legal theory and are significant to its influence and development Legal positivism Legal positivism is the theory that the presence and subject of law rest on not on the merits of social facts but the fact itself. The British jurist John Austin (1790-1859) articulated it thus: The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry. The positivist theory does not say that law's virtues are incoherent, trivial, or fringe to the viewpoint of law[8]. It speaks that they do not define whether legal systemsor laws exist. Whether a legal system is present in a society is based on the existence of definite arrangements of governance, not on the degree to which it contents principles of justice, the rule of law or democracy. What laws are applicable in that arrangement rest on on what social standards its bureaucrats identify as commanding; for instance, judicial decisions, social customs or legislative enactments. The statistic that a rule w ould be, wise, efficient, prudent or just, is not ever adequate motive for discerning that it is essentially the law, and the detail that it is unwise, unfair, imprudent or inefficient is not ever adequate cause for unbelieving it. As perMacCormick positivism, law is a substance of what has been suggested (decided ,ordered, tolerated, practiced, , etc.); as it might be said in a additional contemporary idiom, positivism is the opinion that law is a social creation[9]. Austin thought the theory simple and glaring. Though it is perhaps the leading opinion among logically motivated philosophers of law, it is also the topic of opposing clarifications composed with insistent misunderstandings and criticisms[10]. According to Austin and Betham, law is a marvel of big societies with aautonomous: a determinate group or person who have absolute and supremede factoauthority -- they are followed completely or maximum others but do not themselves likewise follow anyone else. The legal principles in that society are a subdivision of the sovereign'sinstructions: general orders that apply to classes of actions and people and that are backed up by threat of strength or sanction. This imperatival philosophy is positivist, for it recognizes the presence of legal systems with outlines of obedience and command that can be determined without bearing in mind whether the sovereign has a ethical right to tenet or whether his orders are commendable. It has two more distinguishing Characteristic. The philosophy ismonistic: it signifies all laws as taking a solitary form, implementing responsibilities on their specific subjects, although not himself on the sovereign. The imperativalist admits that final lawmaking authority may be self-limiting, or restricted outwardly by what public judgment will bear, and also that legal systems comprise requirements that are not necessities (for example , definitions, permissions and so on). However they consider these as portion of the non-legal material which is essential for, and part of, each legal system. (Austin is a more generous on this argument). The philosophy is alsoreductivist, for it upholds that the normative language used in unfolding and asserting the law -- talk of rights, authority, obligations, and so on -- can all be examined lacking rest in non-normative relationships, eventually as concatenations of declarations about obedience and power[11] The concept of natural law and legal positivism. According to Benson positive law is only considered as law because it has been brought to existence by mankind. Such law can be made based in a procedure which has been determined previously or in an arbitrary manner[12]. As provided by Cooper and Wayne natural law only gives relevance to justice and is in compliance with internal values associated with the nature of humans[13]. Therefore it can be evidently said that with respect to both the concepts of law there can be various possible distortions and the existence of which has been supported by history. According to Banner "The danger of arbitrariness exists always and everywhere when man acts with power in his hands. Thus the side effects of such distortion cannot be evaded by mankind[14]. Hart and Herbert states that positive law has a benefit that it is very easily approachable and definable therefore it leads to lesser obscurities with respect to its admiration[15]. In addition the concepts of positive which provides the greatest difficulties towards interpretation are those concepts which are held by natural law as abstract concepts. Positive law is implemented in the society either through willful acceptance of such law by the society or the authority being powerful enough to forcefully impose such laws on the people. During the times of dictatorship the most absurd principles were also considered as laws as they had been imposed upon the society. However according to Priel the modern day legal system of the world has come far off the forceful implementation of laws as most of the nations in the world are now a democracy which is the government for the people and made by the people[16]. Relationship between natural and positive law As positive law sources its inspiration from abstract concept of natural law it is able to function with appropriate adequacy in democracy. This is because almost all social struggles in relation to democracy have been primarily based on these concepts which have been adopted by the society to a significant degree and have been institutionalized by law. Therefore in the natural sense illogical reflection provided as follows cannot be avoided. Latest provided that any provision for the purpose of becoming a legal provision presupposes social struggle which implement it in form of law and it is very evident that the reference to natural law of being more ethical comparatively is superfluous[17]. To make it simple on any occasion, authority, from which ever source it may be derived is what brings into existence and implements law. Therefore positive law is the one which is always talked about. According to Campbell a serious factor is overlooked by such findings which is consciousness[1 8]. As stated by Leiter consciousness is the root of every such social individual collective process. In addition consciousness itself determines social struggle[19]. The basic notion of natural law itself governs social struggle as they are inspired by it. For instance as provided by the declaration of America and French Revolution all men are born equal and are provided with specific fundamental and inalienable rights, such provisions clearly belong to the area of natural law. Subsequently the proper interpretation of the concept of natural law leads to the establishment of the rule of law through the efforts of the society[20]. However when results are the only thing which consciousness cares for the society is totally not prepared for a reversal in understanding of and therefore subjected to distortion of concepts which can also take place in legal form[21]. This concept is restricted to an Ex Post facto reflex action in relation to instincts where a person rises when he is not given the means of survival and not before it when such deprivation was in the stage of preparation[22]. Therefore the reflection of the society is not perfect, it operations are only limited to the tangible and obvious situations, which is in the areas of competition and needs, as it itself is competitive and, so stillborn, therefore it is not able to provide support the enduring forces of arbitrary governance and implementation of provisions which are invoked by the time when it is needed. In addition it is indifferent to these principles to the extent it does not come in contact with the individual in a way which is tangible. The n again the concept of natural law comes to the mind of men but only after the event has taken place. Subsequently it can be provided that possible in vocation inter alia in relation to natural law is in relation to search moments when legal positivism is not able to show its connection with history and in such cases natural law functions as the law[23]. Conclusion From the above analysis it can be provided that the aim of both legal positivism and natural law theory is to provide for a better society where law prevails. The natural law theory is based on using moral and ethical principles in relation to law whereas legal positivism focuses on providing the best results to the society by the imposition of law. Both the legal theories work for the betterment of mankind by providing equality and Justice. It is not correct to hold at legal theories in relation to positivism and not consistent with that of natural law theory as positive law in most of the cases are in some form the right from natural law. The above discuss studies which have been conducted in the area of natural law and legal positivism relationship, missed out one significant point in relation to the relationship between legal positivism and natural law theories, which is that as both the theories have the intention to promote law in the society and as both of them are prima facie inconsistent to each other. It is inevitable that application of legal positivism and natural law theory alone cannot be suitable to address the legal needs of the society. As legal positivism is to a large extent providing legal solution in the modern world it can be provided that positive law is a product of natural law in most of its aspects and thus the true nature of natural law theory is often misunderstood. Bibliography Atkins, Jed W. "Zenos Republic, Platos Laws, and the Early Development of Stoic Natural Law Theory."Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought32.1 (2015): 166-190. Banner, Stuart. "Natural Law in Court: A History of Legal Theory in Practice." (2015): 428. Benson, Richard. "Bioethics and the Human Goods: An Introduction to Natural Law Bioethics."The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly16.3 (2016): 535-538. Campbell, Tom D., and Jeffrey Goldsworthy, eds.Judicial power, democracy and legal positivism. Routledge, 2017. Campbell, Tom D., ed.Legal positivism. Routledge, 2016. Cooper, Kody Wayne.Upon the earth there is not its like--?: Thomas Hobbess natural law theory of morality and politics. Diss. 2014. d'Entreves, Alexander Passerin.Natural law: An introduction to legal philosophy. Routledge, 2017. Hart, Herbert LA. "The New Challenge to Legal Positivism (1979)."Oxford Journal of Legal Studies36.3 (2016): 459-475. Kugler, Peter N., and Michael T. Turvey.Information, natural law, and the self-assembly of rhythmic movement. Routledge, 2015. Legarre, Santiago. "HLA Hart and the Making of the New Natural Law Theory."Jurisprudence8.1 (2017): 82-98. Leiter, Brian. "Marx, law, ideology, legal positivism."Virginia Law Review(2015): 1179-1196. Loughlin, Martin, and Samuel Tschorne.Public law. Routledge, 2016. MacCormick, Neil, and Ota Weinberger.An institutional theory of law: new approaches to legal positivism. Vol. 3. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Marske, Charles E., Charles P. Kofron, and Steven Vago. "The Significance of Natural Law in Contemporary Legal Thought."The Catholic Lawyer24.1 (2017): 5. Priel, Dan. "Toward Classical Legal Positivism."Virginia Law Review(2015): 987-1022. Raz, Joseph. "Legal positivism and the sources of law."Arguing About Law117 (2013). Schauer, Frederick. "The Path-Dependence of Legal Positivism."Virginia Law Review(2015): 957-976. Tuori, Kaarlo.Critical legal positivism. Routledge, 2017. Waluchow, Wilfrid. "Legal positivism, inclusive versus exclusive (2001)."Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, London: Routledge, available at https://pt. scribd. com/doc/56008841/Waluchow-LegalPositivism-Inclusive-Versus-Exclusive (accessed on 10 December 2015)(2016). Wright, Benjamin Fletcher.American Interpretations of Natural Law: A Study in the History of Political Thought. Routledge, 2017.

Planned Parenthood - Argumentative Essay free essay sample

Recently, the federal government Is trying to pass the Pence Amendment, which would eliminate funding to these Institutions. The federal government needs to realize how important Planned Parenthood Clinics are too numerous individuals and the struggles that such people will face if the organization is demolished due to extreme lack of funding. Without these clinics, many individuals will be left stranded, and most likely, susceptible to declined health, due to the loss of early screenings and treatments that will no longer be available to them at a rate they can manage financially.Planned Parenthood is a predominantly government funded establishment that revised free or heavily discounted medical education, prescriptions, and procedures in regards to sexual diseases and pregnancies to all who inquire. If the organization is not funded, it is taken from predominately low socioeconomic households and minors. As stated in Teases article, 75 percent of people who use Planned Parenthoods services are at or below the poverty level (5), and the few with money are using the government funded crowded establishment Planned Parenthood. We will write a custom essay sample on Planned Parenthood Argumentative Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is one of the reasons that cuts would be so devastating. As reported by National Right to Life News, legislators were three times more responsible to high-income constituents than middle-income constituents and were the least responsive to the needs of low-income constituents (favorite 5). This is another case where it will be the poor that will endure the hardship. It Is much easier to cancel a free service when those without money, ergo power, are the mall people who will suffer.In addition to taking away the availability of health provisions, this amendment will be taking away millions of jobs nationwide. Within each of these clinics are ultimate employees ranging from customer service attendants to doctors. There are more than 880 health centers nationwide and several administrative offices across the country (Planned Parenthood 2). Are not we supposed to be focusing on making jobs available within our nation? Taking away countless Jobs will damage this nation Instead of benefit It. It will cause more suffering, which Is what Planned Parenthood is trying to eliminate.The eliminating of funds to clinics will cause many to go without preventative care such as contraception. If people no longer have access to rite control, the population rate will continue to rise. When the government takes away funding, and therefore, birth control, unplanned births will happen and with that additional fees that the government will have to cough up. Sure, you save money up front when defending Planned Parenthood but In the long run you are causing a every $1 spent on family planning saves $4. It is fiscally responsible (1).With unwanted pregnancies, come unwanted children or children for whom we are not prepared for which go into foster care as well as becoming wards of the state which s directly paid for by the government or families dependent on other government subsidies. Overall, the government will be creating a bigger problem instead of embracing the benefits Planned Parenthood clinics provide to individuals everywhere. Although Planned Parenthood is mostly associated with abortion services that is not what they promote or advertise. For years, they have been all about educating the youth on the risks of participating in sexual activities as well as providing many different kinds of preventative care. Education is extremely important and valued in this country. Taking away funding to an institution that promotes and instills protection and planning is not going to help our youth become well and more aware individuals. It is the educational materials such as pamphlets, magazines, and medical Journals, as well as the educated staff that the clinics provide, in which are exceedingly important in keeping our citizens safe.When funding goes away, those important services and amenities go away but the actual sexual activities do not. This leaves us in a much more risky environment with fewer resources. In addition to the clinics providing education they go further and provide unseeing for all aspects of topics. An individual can rest assured knowing there is always someone they can talk to and confide in when they dont know where else to turn. Also, the counselors provide a release for those individuals that have suffered abuse and need assistance.With all these valuable services, it is not clear why our government would do anything to hinder this organization when it is obviously helping so many people every day. It makes you wonder what could be of greater importance than all of this that would lead supporters to banning this great organization. Supporters of the bill that would banish funding for Planned Parenthood are guided by their beliefs that the organization generates activities of sin and creates sinners.They are motivated by their religious views that abortion is an unforgivable sin and those that partake in or make abortions accessible are sinners. They are attacking Planned Parenthood because it is the main provider of abortions every year. According to B. A. Robinson, there has been over $13 million in damage caused by violent anti-abortion groups since 1982, in over 1 50 arson attacks, bombings, and hooting (4). While they are correct in this fact, they are not taking in all that Planned Parenthood is.While they focus on the abortion services the clinics provide, they ignore the many incredible things they offer aside from abortions. They dont realize that by taking away Planned Parenthoods funding, they are also taking away the preventative measures they provide in order to try and eliminate the need for abortions. The benefits of Planned Parenthood deserve the federal funding that is given to them. The amount of lives that are positively affected not only outweighs the uncial drain of the organization, but should be what federal money goes towards if it goes towards anything that helps people.

Macroeconomics essays

Macroeconomics essays All those who live in the United States are accustomed to private property. Everyday situation sometimes lead to what life would be like without it. One can see what the effects are to living in a private society and realize how efficiency and justice are raised to an overall level. This takes place within an apartment building in Washington DC, however many apartments throughout the United States would off the same aspects. Upon living in the apartments, tenants are charged a monthly rent as well as an additional bill for utilities, which includes gas, water, fuel, oil, and electricity. The apartments are considered "master metered", which means those living in the apartments are allowed to use as much electricity, water and gas as they want. At the end of the month the utilities are added up and divided amongst the number of tenants and then billed appropriately. However, the idea of "master metered" brings up the problem of some getting a free ride off those who conserve. For example, take two people who live in the same apartment complex. One of the tenants is very aware of conserving energy. She always turns off the lights when she's out of the room, turns the air up a little in the summer and the heat down in the winter. She basically lives her life being a little uncomfortable for the sake of saving everyone in her building a little money. On the other hand, her neighbor does just the opposite. He never turns out the lights, keeps his apartment ice cold in the summer and nice and toasty in the winter. He even decides against turning his air off when leaves for the weekend, figuring he'll come home to a hot apartment. He feels he is just paying an average of everyone's consumption so why should he not be comfortable? So between the neighbors, the bill at the end of the month remains the same because one gives a little wh ...

Theodore Dwight Weld

Theodore Dwight Weld Theodore Dwight Weld was one of the most effective organizers of the abolitionist movement in the United States, though he was often overshadowed in his own time. And, partly due to his own aversion to publicity, he has often been overlooked by history. For three decades Weld guided many efforts of the abolitionists. And a book he published in 1839, American Slavery As It Is, influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe as she wrote Uncle Toms Cabin. In the early 1830s Weld organized a highly influential series of debates at Lane Seminary in Ohio and trained abolitionist agents who would spread the word throughout the North. He later became involved on Capitol Hill in advising John Quincy Adams and others in promoting anti-slavery agitation in the House of Representatives. Weld married Angelina Grimkà ©, a South Carolina native who had, along with her sister, become a devoted abolitionist. The couple was very well-known in abolitionist circles, yet Weld exhibited an aversion to public notice.  He generally published his writings anonymously and preferred to exert his influence behind the scenes. In the decades after the Civil War Weld avoided discussions of the proper place of the abolitionists in history. He outlived most of his contemporaries, and when he died at the age of 91 in 1895, he was nearly forgotten. Newspapers mentioned his death in passing, noting that he had known and worked with William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown, and other noted abolitionists. Early Life Theodore Dwight Weld was born November 23, 1803, in Hampton, Connecticut. His father was a minister, and the family was descended from a long line of clergymen. During Welds childhood the family moved to western New York State. In the 1820s the traveling evangelist Charles Grandison Finney passed through the countryside, and Weld became a devoted follower of his religious message. Weld entered the Oneida Institute to study to become a minister. He also became very involved in the temperance movement, which at the time was a burgeoning reform movement. A reformist mentor of Weld, Charles Stuart, traveled to England and became involved with the British anti-slavery movement. He wrote back to America, and brought Weld to the anti-slavery cause. Organizing the Abolitionists During this period Weld met Arthur and Lewis Tappan, wealthy New York City merchants who were financing a number of reform movements, including the early abolitionist movement. The Tappans were impressed with Welds intellect and energy, and recruited him to work with them. Weld influenced the Tappan brothers to get involved in the fight against slavery. And in 1831 the philanthropist brothers founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Tappan brothers, at Welds urging, also financed the founding a seminary which would train ministers for settlements in the expanding American West. The new institution, Lane Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio, became the site of a highly influential gathering of anti-slavery activists in February 1834. In two weeks of seminars organized by Weld, activists debated the cause of ending slavery. The meetings would resonate for years, as attendees came away deeply committed to the cause. Weld embarked on a program of training abolitionists who could bring converts to the cause in the style of revivalist preachers. And when a campaign of sending abolitionist pamphlets into the South was thwarted, the Tappan Brothers began to see that Welds idea of educating human agents who would carry the abolitionist message. On Capitol Hill In the early 1840s Weld became involved in the political system, which was not the usual course of action for abolitionists. William Lloyd Garrison, for instance, purposely avoided mainstream politics, as the United States Constitution allowed slavery. The strategy pursued by abolitionists was to use the right to petition in the Constitution to send petitions seeking the end of enslavement to the U.S. Congress. Working with former president John Quincy Adams, who was serving as a congressman from Massachusetts, Weld worked as a critical adviser during the petition campaign.   By the mid-1840s, Weld had essentially withdrawn from an active role in the abolitionist movement, yet he continued to write and advise. He had married Angelina Grimke in 1838, and they had three children. The couple taught at a school they founded in New Jersey. Following the Civil War, when memoirs were written and the rightful place of the abolitionists in history was being debated, Weld chose to remain silent. When he died he was mentioned briefly in newspapers, and was remembered as one of the great abolitionists.

Advantages and disadvantages of on-line shopping Dissertation

Advantages and disadvantages of on-line shopping - Dissertation Example Branding might cause a person to shop on-line because that person is looking for specific brands that might not be available in stores. On the other hand, branding might work to encourage people to shop high street shops, because these shops do a more effective job of branding then do on-line stores. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what branding is. Branding began with the modern age. Modern consumption is also driven by the choices that were being offered in modern society, choices that were not offered in earlier societies, before mass production of goods became the norm. This mass production had a side effect as well, one that would influence the post-modern individual’s obsession with labels and designers – branding became essential, as there were so many goods flooding the market, that companies needed to distinguish their goods from the multitude of other goods that were coming into existence. According to Naomi Klein, this led to competitive branding and, u ltimately, to the rise of designer labels, such as Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren. Because brands are essentially the same – Coke is not really that much different from Pepsi, Reebok is not much different than Nike, Apples are not appreciably different from PCs – companies must find a way to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Goldman & Papson argue that this has led to a rather cluttered landscape for the world of advertising, as each brand tries to get a leg up on their competitors by branding themselves as somehow different from the rest. One way is by attacking and counterattacking – such as when MCI named AT&T in their advertisements for friends and family, thereby gaining market share away from AT&T, AT&T went on the defensive, deriding MCI's friends and family program as a â€Å"manipulator of personal relations† because the program involved giving MCI a person's information without that person's knowledge. Another way is by showing wha t a product is not – such as when Pringle's potato chips transposed an image of their light chip with that of a guy eating greasy chips that dripped on his shirt (Goldman & Pappas, 1996). Because brands have a hard time saying that their product is better than the other guys, they instead seek to raise their symbolic image value – LL Bean's flannel shirts may be the same in quality as Wal-Mart's, but the image of wearing an LL Bean's shirt makes the value more than Wal-Mart. It is all about the image that has been carefully cultivated in the advertisements for these brands, where the product and the image coming together is known as a â€Å"commodity sign†. This is what is meant when somebody says that one is â€Å"paying for the name† (Goldman & Pappas, 1996). Identity became a construct of consumption, in that people, both men and women, started using consumption not as a way to express one's identity, but to construct it - â€Å"brands are how we figu re out who we are.†(Kacen, 2000). This reflects the fluidity of an individual's identity, and reflects that gender identity is also a fluid concept, as opposed to a fixed attribute (Kacen, 2000). Part of this was made possible by the Nikes and Tommy Hilfigers of the world who are not just selling products, but the image that their brand connotes. Therefore, mere manufacturing has been replaced by marketing (Klein, 2000). Price discounting may to differentiate one’s brand from other brands because of the problem of brand similarity. There is some indication that price discounting may actually hurt a store’s image and the brand image, and that it might not build sales (Grewal et al., 1998). Therefore, whether or not it actually works depends on other factors. One factor is known as the perceived discount. According

Public Education Campaign on Water Conservation Research Paper

Public Education Campaign on Water Conservation - Research Paper Example Most of the efforts on water conservation have been conducted in the urban areas, particularly in the residential sector. According to Woodhouse (2009), the option of increasing the cost of water would not be viable in conserving water in these regions because the current cost is already considered high and demand for water tends to be inelastic. Hence, a voluntary approach has to be adopted through education. This paper analyzes some of the common practices of water conservation giving the benefits that result from these practices. Adopting the planning strategy suggested by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNESCAP (2002), this paper suggests the planning process for a campaign aimed at educating the public on water conservation supported by arguments from other scholarly journals and books. Introduction The security of freshwater continues to be a critical issue globally due to the increase in usage of limited resources by the increasing popul ation with subsequent decrease in availability. The unavailability of freshwater has been largely attributed to increase in pollution, deforestation and inadequate management (Zobeck & Schillinger, 2010). Therefore, to secure a sustainable future with water, there would be the need to improve the efficiency in water supply and usage. According to the UNESCAP (2002), water conservation describes the action taken to ensure efficient usage of water. It could be accomplished either by conserving water resources through efficient storage, transfer and management of raw water or by conserving water supply, which includes consumption without wastage and minimal losses in distribution. From ancient days, various methods for water conservation have been adopted. Canals were constructed so as to convey water to farm lands to improve crop production. This would mostly be accompanied by construction of reservoirs to retain water for future usage, be it agricultural or domestic use. Construction of terraces reduced runoffs while plowed fallowing, deep plowing and contouring ensured retention of moisture particularly in farm lands. Recognizing water capture as â€Å"the first step in water conservation,† Zobeck and Schillinger (2010, p. 3) argue that frequent plowing would, however, make the land devoid of moisture. Practices such as stubble-mulch tillage that emphasized the importance of covering the surface were adopted as water conservation mechanisms. Modern conservation measures include use of water saving appliances and devices such as showers and faucets, toilets, dishwashers, pressure reducing valves and insulated hot water pipes (Green, 2010). Behavioral practices of water conservation include turning off the water when brushing teeth and reducing the amount of water used per person when showering. Other approaches include operational methods where leakages would be detected in time and repaired; financial methods that include deterrent pricing of water tari ffs; and socio-political methods that include public education and legislation. The benefits to be gained from water conservation campaigns are unlimited, with Green (2010) noting that with increased budget allocation to such campaigns, there would be quantitative demand reduction which would lead to documentation of the benefit of the program. These campaigns would make the saved water available to the less privileged that do not have sustainable access to services of water supply. Zobeck and Schillinger (2010) note that adoption of water conservation measures play a critical role in promoting agriculture by curbing erosion and controlling weeds. Nonetheless, scholars concur on water conservati

Hope versus reality-where do you stand Essay Example for Free

Hope versus reality-where do you stand Essay Hope is the quintessential human delusion, simultaneously is the source of the person greatest strength, and the greatest weakness. It is true to say that somewhere between optimism and pessimism is where we usually find realism. Logically, it is impossible to stop yourself from hoping certain things, but it becomes a problem when hope for something good becomes a delusion. It is good to hope for better conditions, but it is bad to call hope a virtue, then use that to justify deluding yourself into thinking that you know things will turn out how you expect them to. All we may agree that hope is essential for us and from experience, many situations may look hopeless to us at first glance, and if we stumble in the hopelessness, we may find things that have the potential to bring about changes in our life. Hope is not the denial of reality, but it is the realization that you cant predict the future. I believe it is natural for humans to adhere to hope and search for change, even in the most hopeless situations. I also believe that everything in this life has a probability that could be positive or negative, so hope is the positive part of the probability, while pessimism is the negative segment of probability. So, we need hope in order to thrive and to live life fulfilled and encouraged. It is essential that we understand how hope develops and how it plays such an important role in our life In contrast, realism is the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly. So you need to live in reality by controlling your dreams and fantasy. If you feel that your dreams and fantasy are occupying your thinking it is possible to set up your goals and work on achieving them. You have to remember that every time your mind tried to slip into dreams and fantasy you do your best to force yourself to concentrate on what is real. With time you’ll find yourself spending more time in reality more than the time you spend in dreams and fantasy. Don’t be pessimistic and you have to remember that most of the important things in the world have been accomplished by people who have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at all- Dale Carnegie.  Finally, it is acceptable to spend some time in hope but don’t live in it, you need to live in reality which is the way in getting things into results.